Day: November 4, 2021

Recommanded Product: 123-11-5. Authors Liu, ZQ; Li, SN; Zeng, QS; Liu, YJ; You, JM; Ying, AG in ELSEVIER published article about in [Liu, Zhong-Qiu; Li, Sheng-Nan; Zeng, Qing-Shuai; Liu, Yu-Jing; You, Jin-Mao; Ying, An-Guo] Qufu Normal Univ, Coll Chem & Chem Engn, Key Lab Life Organ Anal, Qufu 273165, Shandong, Peoples R China; [Ying, An-Guo] Taizhou Univ, Sch Pharmaceut & Chem Engn, Taizhou 318000, Zhejiang, Peoples R China in 2021, Cited 44. The Name is 4-Methoxybenzaldehyde. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 123-11-5

The preparation of mesoporous poly(ionic liquid)s (MPILs) is critically fundamental for the design of heterogeneous catalysts, whereas traditional methods are difficult to obtain these materials with both well-defined mesoporous structure and unique functionality. Here, HClO4-functionalized MPILs with well-defined mesoporous structure were successfully fabricated, in which the alkene-modified Fe3O4 nanoparticles as structural reinforcer play a vital role for mesoporous structure formation. The MPILs were characterized by N-2 adsorption/desorption, scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and vibration sample magnetometry (VSM), and the results confirm that MPILs possess moderate surface area, well-defined mesoporosity, abundant active ionic centers, as well as efficient magnetic recovery. The resulting MPILs show excellent catalytic activity for condensation reaction and Knoevenagel condensation. The kinetic study reveals that the excellent catalytic activity of MPILs is attributed to the synergistic catalysis of mesoporous confinement effect and hydrogen proton from MPILs, albeit with mass transfer resistance produced by mesoporous channels. Further, the catalyst can be recovered using an external magnetic field and reused at least 10 times without a considerable decrease in its catalytic activity. Finally, alkene-modified Fe3O4 nanoparticle-mediated mesoporous construction promotes a textural engineering approach to the development of novel mesoporous materials for other applications.

Recommanded Product: 123-11-5. Bye, fridends, I hope you can learn more about C8H8O2, If you have any questions, you can browse other blog as well. See you lster.

Reference:
Indole alkaloid derivatives as building blocks of natural products from Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus velezensis and their antibacterial and antifungal activity study,
,Preparation of Indole Containing Building Blocks for the Regiospecific Construction of Indole Appended Pyrazoles and Pyrroles

Application In Synthesis of 3,4-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde. Authors Nayak, A; Saxena, H; Bathula, C; Kumar, T; Bhattacharjee, S; Sen, S; Gupta, A in BMC published article about in [Nayak, Akshaykumar; Saxena, Himani; Gupta, Ashish] Shiv Nadar Univ, Epigenet & Human Dis Lab, Dept Life Sci, NH-91, Tehsil Dadri 201314, Greater Noida, India; [Bathula, Chandramohan; Sen, Subhabrata] Shiv Nadar Univ, Dept Chem, Dept Life Sci, Tehsil Dadri 201314, Greater Noida, India; [Kumar, Tarkeshwar; Bhattacharjee, Souvik] Jawaharlal Nehru Univ, Special Ctr Mol Med, New Delhi, India in 2021.0, Cited 43.0. The Name is 3,4-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 120-14-9

BackgroundDespite numerous efforts to eradicate the disease, malaria continues to remain one of the most dangerous infectious diseases plaguing the world. In the absence of any effective vaccines and with emerging drug resistance in the parasite against the majority of anti-malarial drugs, the search for new drugs is urgently needed for effective malaria treatment.MethodsThe goal of the present study was to examine the compound library, based on indoles generated through diversity-oriented synthesis belonging to four different architecture, i.e., 1-aryltetrahydro/dihydro-beta -carbolines and piperidine/pyrrolidine-fused indole derivatives, for their in vitro anti-plasmodial activity. Trifluoroacetic acid catalyzed transformation involving tryptamine and various aldehydes/ketones provided the library.ResultsAmong all the compounds screened, 1-aryltetrahydro-beta -carbolines 2 and 3 displayed significant anti-plasmodial activity against both the artemisinin-sensitive and artemisinin-resistant strain of Plasmodium falciparum. It was observed that these compounds inhibited the overall parasite growth in intra-erythrocytic developmental cycle (IDC) via reactive oxygen species-mediated parasitic death and thus could be potential anti-malarial compounds.ConclusionOverall the compounds 2 and 3 identified in this study shows promising anti-plasmodial activity that can kill both artemisinin-sensitive and artemisinin-resistant strains of P. falciparum.

Welcome to talk about 120-14-9, If you have any questions, you can contact Nayak, A; Saxena, H; Bathula, C; Kumar, T; Bhattacharjee, S; Sen, S; Gupta, A or send Email.. Application In Synthesis of 3,4-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde

Reference:
Indole alkaloid derivatives as building blocks of natural products from Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus velezensis and their antibacterial and antifungal activity study,
,Preparation of Indole Containing Building Blocks for the Regiospecific Construction of Indole Appended Pyrazoles and Pyrroles

An article [MerDABCO-SO3H]Cl catalyzed synthesis, antimicrobial and antioxidant evaluation and molecular docking study of pyrazolopyranopyrimidines WOS:000672726200005 published article about SUPPORTED IONIC LIQUIDS; ONE-POT SYNTHESIS; 4-COMPONENT SYNTHESIS; EFFICIENT SYNTHESIS; PYRAZOLE; NANOPARTICLES; NANOCATALYST; PROTOCOL; GREEN; SCOPE in [Patila, Pradeep; Yadava, Archana; Gurava, Akshay; Hangirgekara, Shankar; Sankpala, Sandeep] Shivaji Univ, Dept Chem, Kolhapur 416004, Maharashtra, India; [Bavkar, Laxman] Shivaji Univ, Dept Biochem, Kolhapur 416004, Maharashtra, India; [Nippu, B. N.; Satyanarayanc, N. D.] Kuvempu Univ, Post Grad Ctr, Dept Pharmaceut Chem, Chikkamagaluru 577548, Karnataka, India; [Maned, Ananda] KITs Coll Engn, Dept Chem, Kolhapur 416234, Maharashtra, India in 2021, Cited 52. The Name is 4-Methoxybenzaldehyde. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 123-11-5. Product Details of 123-11-5

Sulfonic acid functionalized 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane supported on Merrifield resin, [MerDABCOSO(3)H]Cl catalyst was prepared and explored in one-pot four-component reaction of ethyl acetoacetate, hydrazine hydrate, aryl aldehyde and barbituric acid for the synthesis of pyrazolopyranopyrimidines with excellent yields. The catalyst could be easily recovered and reused for four cycles without significant decrease in catalytic activity. The antimicrobial and invitro antioxidant activities of the synthesized pyrazolopyranopyrimidines were found to be promising and antioxidant activities are supported by molecular docking studies. (C) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Product Details of 123-11-5. Welcome to talk about 123-11-5, If you have any questions, you can contact Patila, P; Yadava, A; Bavkar, L; Nippu, BN; Satyanarayanc, ND; Maned, A; Gurava, A; Hangirgekara, S; Sankpala, S or send Email.

Reference:
Indole alkaloid derivatives as building blocks of natural products from Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus velezensis and their antibacterial and antifungal activity study,
,Preparation of Indole Containing Building Blocks for the Regiospecific Construction of Indole Appended Pyrazoles and Pyrroles

I found the field of Chemistry very interesting. Saw the article Au(I) Catalyzed Synthesis of Densely Substituted Pyrazolines and Dihydropyridines via Sequential Aza-Enyne Metathesis/6 pi-Electrocyclization published in 2021.0. Computed Properties of C8H8O2, Reprint Addresses Sugimoto, K; Matsuya, Y (corresponding author), Univ Toyama, Fac Pharmaceut Sci, Toyama 9300194, Japan.. The CAS is 123-11-5. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 4-Methoxybenzaldehyde

A gold(I) autotandem catalysis protocol is reported for the de novo synthesis of densely substituted pyrazolines and dihydropyridines from the corresponding imine derivatives in a highly regioselective fashion via a one-pot aza-enyne metathesis/6 pi-electrocyclization sequence. The substituents on the nitrogen atom of the imine perfectly control the reaction pathways from the pivotal 1-azabutadiene intermediate; thus, carbazates were converted into pyrazolines via 6 pi-electrocyclization of alpha,beta-unsaturated hydrazones, while aryl imines provided dihydropyridines via 6 pi-electrocyclization of 3-azahexatrienes.

Computed Properties of C8H8O2. Welcome to talk about 123-11-5, If you have any questions, you can contact Sugimoto, K; Kosuge, S; Sugita, T; Miura, Y; Tsuge, K; Matsuya, Y or send Email.

Reference:
Indole alkaloid derivatives as building blocks of natural products from Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus velezensis and their antibacterial and antifungal activity study,
,Preparation of Indole Containing Building Blocks for the Regiospecific Construction of Indole Appended Pyrazoles and Pyrroles

An article Catalytic oxidation of biorefinery corncob lignin via zirconium(IV) chloride and sodium hydroxide in acetonitrile/water: A functionality study WOS:000467391900019 published article about MODEL COMPOUNDS; CHEMICAL-STRUCTURE; ALCOHOL OXIDATION; STRUCTURAL-CHARACTERIZATION; THERMAL-PROPERTIES; AEROBIC OXIDATION; BOND-CLEAVAGE; PYROLYSIS; COPPER; DEPOLYMERIZATION in [Lin, Fei; Liu, Chao; Hu, Changsong; Wu, Shiliang; Xiao, Rui] Southeast Univ, Sch Energy & Environm, Minist Educ, Key Lab Energy Thermal Convers & Control, Nanjing 210096, Jiangsu, Peoples R China; [Wang, Xing] Dalian Polytech Univ, Sch Light Ind & Chem Engn, Liaoning Key Lab Pulp & Paper Engn, Dalian 116034, Peoples R China in 2019.0, Cited 54.0. Category: indole-building-block. The Name is 4′-Hydroxyacetophenone. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 99-93-4

In order to realize the efficient utilization of biorefinery corncob lignin, the promising catalytic oxidation strategy was carried out by using ZrCl4 and NaOH as the co-catalyst and dioxygen as the oxidant in MeCN/H2O. GC/MS, GC-FID, and MALDI-TOF/MS were employed to recognize the produced monomers and oligomers, and GPC was used to monitor the molecular weight changes of lignin fragments. In addition, specific structural evolution of corncob lignin during ZrCl4/NaOH-catalyzed oxidation were revealed by quantitative C-13 (Q(13)C) and 2D HSQC NMR techniques. Results showed that the total yields of produced oxidation monomers reached 6.8 wt%, and aromatic aldehydes were the major species, in which vanillin and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde were the two dominant products. After ZrCl4/NaOH-catalyzed oxidation, the weight-average molecular weight of corncob lignin and its products decreased from 2000 Da to 300 Da after oxidation with 16 h. Moreover, Q(13)C NMR analysis showed the decrease percentage of C-O aliphatic carbons (including methoxyl carbons), the increase percentage of C-C aliphatic and carbonyl carbons, and the relative stable percentage of aromatic carbons with reaction prolonged. These results combined with the further confirmation from HSQC indicated the oxidative cleavage of C-O aliphatic linkages and removal of methoxy groups within corncob lignin, as well as the formation of C-C aliphatic bonds and carbonyl groups. The work presented a comprehensive insight into the catalytic oxidative depolymerization of biorefinery corncob lignin. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Category: indole-building-block. Bye, fridends, I hope you can learn more about C8H8O2, If you have any questions, you can browse other blog as well. See you lster.

Reference:
Indole alkaloid derivatives as building blocks of natural products from Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus velezensis and their antibacterial and antifungal activity study,
,Preparation of Indole Containing Building Blocks for the Regiospecific Construction of Indole Appended Pyrazoles and Pyrroles

Computed Properties of C8H8O2. In 2019.0 CAN J CHEM published article about PHASE S(N)2 REACTIONS; NUCLEOPHILIC-SUBSTITUTION REACTIONS; S-4-NITROPHENYL 4-SUBSTITUTED THIOBENZOATES; ELECTROPHILIC PHOSPHORUS CENTERS; P-NITROPHENYL ACETATE; GROUND-STATE; CONTRASTING REACTIVITY; MICROSOLVATED ANIONS; ENHANCED REACTIVITY; DIMETHYL-SULFOXIDE in [Um, Ik-Hwan; Bae, Ae-Ri] Ewha Womans Univ, Dept Chem, Seoul 03767, South Korea; [Dust, Julian M.] Grenfell Campus Mem Univ Newfoundland, Dept Chem, Corner Brook, NF A2H 5G4, Canada; [Dust, Julian M.] Grenfell Campus Mem Univ Newfoundland, Dept Environm Sci, Corner Brook, NF A2H 5G4, Canada in 2019.0, Cited 75.0. The Name is 4′-Hydroxyacetophenone. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 99-93-4.

A kinetic study is reported for nucleophilic substitution reactions of Y-substituted-phenyl cinnamates (1a-1h) with a series of primary amines including hydrazine in H2O containing 20 mol % DMSO at 25.0 degrees C. The Bronsted-type plot for the reaction of 2,4-dinitrophenyl cinnamate (1a) is linear with beta(nuc) = 0.57 except hydrazine, which exhibits positive deviation from the linear correlation (i.e., the alpha-effect). The Bronsted-type plots for the reactions of 1a-1h with hydrazine and glycylglycine (glygly) are also linear with beta(1g) = -0.71 and -0.87, respectively, when 1a is excluded from the linear correlation. Thus, the reactions have been concluded to proceed through a concerted mechanism on the basis of the linear Bronsted-type plots and magnitudes of the beta(nuc) and beta(1g) values. The alpha-effect shown by hydrazine is dependent on electronic nature of the substituent Y in the leaving group, e.g., it increases as the substituent Y becomes a weaker electron-withdrawing group (or as basicity of the leaving aryloxide increases), indicating that the alpha-effect is not due to destabilization of the ground state but mainly due to stabilization of the transition state. A five-membered cyclic TS structure, which could increase nucleofugality of the leaving aryloxide through H-bonding interaction, has been proposed to account for the leaving-group dependent alpha-effect found in this study. The theories suggested previously to rationalize the alpha-effect found for the related systems are also discussed.

Computed Properties of C8H8O2. Welcome to talk about 99-93-4, If you have any questions, you can contact Um, IH; Bae, AR; Dust, JM or send Email.

Reference:
Indole alkaloid derivatives as building blocks of natural products from Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus velezensis and their antibacterial and antifungal activity study,
,Preparation of Indole Containing Building Blocks for the Regiospecific Construction of Indole Appended Pyrazoles and Pyrroles

Cao, HJ; Wang, KK; Yang, ZQ; Wu, SJ; Han, DD in [Cao, Haijie; Wang, Kuikui; Yang, Zhengqiang; Wu, Shijie] Qingdao Univ, Coll Mat Sci & Engn, Inst Mat Energy & Environm, Qingdao 266071, Peoples R China; [Han, Dandan] Heze Univ, Sch Chem & Chem Engn, Heze 274015, Peoples R China published Quantum chemical study on the ozonolysis mechanism of guaiacol and the structure-reactivity relationship of phenols with hydroxyl, methoxy, and methyl substituents in 2021.0, Cited 37.0. Recommanded Product: 150-76-5. The Name is Mequinol. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 150-76-5.

Quantum chemical calculations with the M06-2X method were performed to uncover the ozonolysis mechanism of guaiacol and several hydroxylated, methoxylated, and methylated phenols to improve the understanding of the ozone-induced attenuation of phenolic compounds. The detailed kinetic properties were obtained by the transition state theory (TST) and the Rice – Ramsperger – Kassel – Marcus (RRKM) theory. Results confirm that the primary ozonides originated from guaiacol occupy considerably long retention time than the short-lived primary ozonides formed from vinyl-type compounds in the air. The TST rate constant of guaiacol ozonolysis is calculated with a value of 8.81 x 10-20 cm3 molecule-1 s-1 at room temperature. The RRKM results prove that the rate constant is positively dependent on temperature but shows no relation with pressure. The reactivity of substituted phenols exhibits a strong correlation with the ozone affinity of carbon atoms and the orbital energy difference (ELo-Hac) between the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital of O3 and the highest occupied molecular orbital of phenols. The substituents can reduce the value of ELo-Hac and improve the phenols’ reactivity, especially when they locate at the ortho- and para-position. The substituents also improve the ozone affinity of carbon atoms due to the electron-withdrawing effect. The methyl group delivers a moderate impact on the reactivity compared to hydroxyl and methoxy groups.

Recommanded Product: 150-76-5. Welcome to talk about 150-76-5, If you have any questions, you can contact Cao, HJ; Wang, KK; Yang, ZQ; Wu, SJ; Han, DD or send Email.

Reference:
Indole alkaloid derivatives as building blocks of natural products from Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus velezensis and their antibacterial and antifungal activity study,
,Preparation of Indole Containing Building Blocks for the Regiospecific Construction of Indole Appended Pyrazoles and Pyrroles

Quality Control of 4-Hydroxyquinolin-2(1H)-one. In 2021 ANTIVIR RES published article about NONCANONICAL POLY(A) POLYMERASE; POLYADENYLATION SIGNAL; MOLECULAR-BIOLOGY; STEM-LOOP; VIRUS; DEGRADATION; EXOSOME; TRAMP; DECAY; TRANSCRIPTS in [Block, Timothy M.; Zhou, Tianlun] Baruch S Blumberg Inst, Doylestown, PA 18902 USA; [Young, John A. T.] F Hoffmann La Roche Ltd, Roche Innovat Ctr Basel, Roche Pharma Res & Early Dev, Basel, Switzerland; [Javanbakht, Hassan] SQZ Biotechnol, 200 Arsenal Yards Blvd,Suite 210, Watertown, MA 02472 USA; [Sofia, Michael J.] Arbutus Biopharma Inc, 701 Vet Circle, Warminster, PA 18974 USA in 2021, Cited 69. The Name is 4-Hydroxyquinolin-2(1H)-one. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 86-95-3.

Inhibition of the host RNA polyadenylating polymerases, PAPD5 and PAPD7 (PAPD5/7), with dihydroquinolizinone, a small orally available, molecule, results in a rapid and selective degradation of hepatitis B virus (HBV) RNA, and hence reduction in the amounts of viral gene products. DHQ, is a first in class investigational agent and could represent an entirely new category of HBV antivirals. PAPD5 and PAPD7 are noncanonical, cell specified, polyadenylating polymerases, also called terminal nucleotidyl transferases 4B and 4A (TENT4B/A), respectively. They are involved in the degradation of poor-quality cell transcripts, mostly noncoding RNAs and in the maturation of a sub-set of transcripts. They also appear to play a role in shielding some mRNA from degradation. The results of studies with DHQ, along with other recent findings, provide evidence that repression of the PAPD5/7 arm of the cell RNA quality control pathway, causes a profound (multifold) reduction rather than increase, in the amount of HBV pre-genomic, pre-core and HBsAg mRNA levels in tissue culture and animal models, as well. In this review we will briefly discuss the need for new HBV therapeutics and provide background about HBV transcription. We also discuss cellular degradation of host transcripts, as it relates to a new family of anti-HBV drugs that interfere with these processes. Finally, since HBV mRNA maturation appears to be selectively sensitive to PAPD5/7 inhibition in hepatocytes, we discuss the possibility of targeting host RNA quality control as an antiviral strategy.

Quality Control of 4-Hydroxyquinolin-2(1H)-one. Welcome to talk about 86-95-3, If you have any questions, you can contact Block, TM; Young, JAT; Javanbakht, H; Sofia, MJ; Zhou, TL or send Email.

Reference:
Indole alkaloid derivatives as building blocks of natural products from Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus velezensis and their antibacterial and antifungal activity study,
,Preparation of Indole Containing Building Blocks for the Regiospecific Construction of Indole Appended Pyrazoles and Pyrroles

Name: 4′-Hydroxyacetophenone. In 2021.0 ACS APPL MATER INTER published article about POLYURETHANE ADHESIVES; P-HYDROXYPHENACYL; ROOM-TEMPERATURE; LOW-MODULUS; POLYMER; FUNCTIONALITY; POLYESTER; HYDROGELS; PROPERTY; SOLVENT in [Tseng, Yen-Ming; Narayanan, Amal; Mishra, Kaushik; Liu, Xinhao; Joy, Abraham] Univ Akron, Sch Polymer Sci & Polymer Engn, Akron, OH 44325 USA in 2021.0, Cited 72.0. The Name is 4′-Hydroxyacetophenone. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 99-93-4.

Pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs) such as sticky notes and labels are a ubiquitous part of modern society. PSAs with a wide range of peel adhesion strength are designed by tailoring the bulk and surface properties of the adhesive. However, designing an adhesive with strong initial adhesion but showing an on-demand decrease in adhesion has been an enduring challenge in the design of PSAs. To address this challenge, we designed alkoxyphenacyl-based polyurethane (APPU) PSAs that show a photoactivated increase and decrease in peel strength. With increasing time of light exposure, the failure mode of our PSAs shifted from cohesive to adhesive failure, providing residue-free removal with up to 83% decrease in peel strength. The APPU-PSAs also adhere to substrates submerged underwater and show a similar photoinduced decrease in adhesion strength.

Name: 4′-Hydroxyacetophenone. Welcome to talk about 99-93-4, If you have any questions, you can contact Tseng, YM; Narayanan, A; Mishra, K; Liu, XH; Joy, A or send Email.

Reference:
Indole alkaloid derivatives as building blocks of natural products from Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus velezensis and their antibacterial and antifungal activity study,
,Preparation of Indole Containing Building Blocks for the Regiospecific Construction of Indole Appended Pyrazoles and Pyrroles

Authors Rao, RN; Chanda, K in ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY published article about in [Rao, Ramdas Nishanth; Chanda, Kaushik] Vellore Inst Technol, Sch Adv Sci, Dept Chem, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India in 2021, Cited 30. Recommanded Product: 4-Methoxybenzaldehyde. The Name is 4-Methoxybenzaldehyde. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 123-11-5

An expeditious microwave assisted one-pot sequential route to synthesize pyrido fused imidazo[4,5-c]quinolines via the Pictet-Spengler cyclization strategy has been developed. In this study, substituted 2-amino pyridines are condensed with 2-bromo-2 ‘-nitroacetophenone to generate imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines with nitro group functionality at C-2 position. Reduction of nitro group to its amine congener in green media followed by the Pictet-Spengler cyclization strategy with substituted aldehydes led to the formation of new C-C and C-N bonds in a one-pot sequential manner. The cyclization proceeds through the CO(carbonyl)-C(H) cleavage of the aldehyde group via oxidative cross-coupling, transamination, cyclization and aromatization steps. Low cost reagents and a green solvent were used to facilitate the architecturally beautiful pyrido fused imidazo[4,5-c]quinoline scaffolds in high yields. The key features of this synthetic protocol are the use of microwave-assisted mild reaction conditions, one-pot sequential pathway, broad substrate scope and green media, which make it feasible for the synthesis of fused polyheterocycles. Moreover, the synthetic manipulation proceeded well with heteroaromatic and aliphatic aldehydes also in good yields.

Bye, fridends, I hope you can learn more about C8H8O2, If you have any questions, you can browse other blog as well. See you lster.. Recommanded Product: 4-Methoxybenzaldehyde

Reference:
Indole alkaloid derivatives as building blocks of natural products from Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus velezensis and their antibacterial and antifungal activity study,
,Preparation of Indole Containing Building Blocks for the Regiospecific Construction of Indole Appended Pyrazoles and Pyrroles