Pieniazek, Anna published the artcileIndoxyl Sulfate Generates Free Radicals, Decreases Antioxidant Defense, and Leads to Damage to Mononuclear Blood Cells, Category: indole-building-block, the publication is Chemical Research in Toxicology (2018), 31(9), 869-875, database is CAplus and MEDLINE.
Indoxyl sulfate (IS) is a uremic toxin that has been associated with inflammation, oxidative stress as well as with the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Indoxyl sulfate is a protein metabolite that is concentrated in the serum of CKD patients. IS is a well-known uremic toxin but there are very few reports on the effect of IS on cells including mononuclear cells (MNCs). We hypothesized that a high concentration of IS in CKD patients may induce changes in redox balance in the in vitro cells exposed. In the present study, we investigated the effect of indoxyl sulfate on free radical production, antioxidant capacity and protein damage in the mononuclear blood cells. As already determined, the concentrations (0.2 or 1 mM) of IS used in this study do not affect the survival rate of MNCs. For both the concentrations of indoxyl sulfate, there was an increase in superoxide and nitric oxide, and a release of other reactive oxygen species (ROS) inside the cells, as measured using fluorescent probes. However, an increase in other ROS as indicated by H2DCF-DA was found only for 1 mM of IS. Moreover, a decrease in the non-enzymic antioxidant capacity (NAC) and an increase in the superoxide dismutase activity after incubation of the cells with indoxyl sulfate were observed Furthermore, we found an increase in the levels of carbonyl compounds and peroxides in the cells treated with both the concentrations of IS. The obtained results show that indoxyl sulfate induces oxidative stress and a decrease in antioxidant defense in cells leading to lipids and proteins damage.
Chemical Research in Toxicology published new progress about 2642-37-7. 2642-37-7 belongs to indole-building-block, auxiliary class Indole,Salt,Sulfonate,Inhibitor,Inhibitor, name is Potassium 1H-indol-3-yl sulfate, and the molecular formula is C8H6KNO4S, Category: indole-building-block.
Referemce:
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41429-020-0333-2,
Preparation of Indole Containing Building Blocks for the Regiospecific Construction of Indole Appended Pyrazoles and Pyrroles